Interpretive Analysis of Bone Density Testing for Osteoporosis Surveillance
A bone density test, primarily conducted via Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA), measures the mineral content of bone to assess strength and fracture risk. In 2026, these tests are standard for postmenopausal women and men over 50, as well as individuals on long-term steroid therapy.
The results are expressed through "T-scores" and "Z-scores."
A T-score compares a patient’s bone density to that of a healthy young adult. A score of -1.0 or higher is normal; -1.0 to -2.5 indicates osteopenia (low bone mass); and -2.5 or lower signifies osteoporosis. Z-scores compare the patient to peers of the same age and sex. In 2026, clinicians also utilize "Trabecular Bone Score" (TBS) software alongside DXA to assess the quality of bone microarchitecture, providing a more comprehensive view of bone health than simple density measurements alone.